Independence of India

Independence of India

India Political Impasse and Independence

The Congress neither acknowledged the Muslim League's performance, albeit poor, in the elections nor deigned to form a coalition government with the League, a situation that led to the collapse of negotiations and mutual trust between the leaders. Mohammad Ali Jinnah, a Western-educated Muslim lawyer, took over the presidency of the moribund Muslim League and galvanized it into a national force under the battle cry of "Islam in danger." Jinnah doubted the motives of Gandhi and Nehru and accused them of practicing Hindu chauvinism. He relentlessly attacked the Congress-led ministries, accusing them of casteism, corruption, and nepotism.

Skillfully, he succeeded in unifying various regional Islamic organizations and factions in Punjab and Bengal under the umbrella of the Muslim League.

Electoral gains by the Congress in 1937 were rendered ephemeral as its leaders ordered provincial ministries to resign in November 1939, when the viceroy (Victor Alexander John Hope, Marquis of Linlithgow--1936-43) declared India's entrance into World War II without consulting Indian leaders. Jinnah and the Muslim League welcomed the Congress withdrawal from government as a timely opportunity and observed a day of thanksgiving on December 22, 1939. Jinnah persuaded the participants at the annual Muslim League session in Lahore in 1940 to adopt what later came to be known as the Pakistan Resolution, demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states, one Muslim, the other Hindu. Although the idea of Pakistan had been introduced as early as 1930 at Allahabad, very few had responded to it. However, the volatile political climate, the personal hostilities between the leaders, and the opportunism of Jinnah transformed the idea of Pakistan into a popular demand.

Independence of India

Between 1940 and 1942, the Congress launched two abortive agitations against the British, and 60,000 Congress members were arrested, including Gandhi and Nehru. Unlike the uncooperative and belligerent Congress, the Muslim League supported the British during World War II (see The Indian Military under the British Raj, ch. 10). Belated but perhaps sincere British attempts to accommodate the demands of the two rival parties, while preserving the unitary state in India, seemed unacceptable to both as they alternately rejected whatever proposal was put forward during the war years. As a result, a three-way impasse settled in: the Congress and the Muslim League doubted British motives in handing over power to Indians, while the British struggled to retain some hold on India while offering to give greater autonomy.

The Congress wasted precious time denouncing the British rather than allaying Muslim fears during the highly charged election campaign of 1946. Even the more mature Congress leaders, especially Gandhi and Nehru, failed to see how genuinely afraid the Muslims were and how exhausted and weak the British had become in the aftermath of the war. When it appeared that the Congress had no desire to share power with the Muslim League at the center, Jinnah declared August 16, 1946, Direct Action Day, which brought communal rioting and massacre in many places in the north. Partition seemed preferable to civil war. On June 3, 1947, Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the viceroy (1947) and governor-general (1947-48), announced plans for partition of the British Indian Empire into the nations of India and Pakistan, which itself was divided into east and west wings on either side of India (see fig. 4). At midnight, on August 15, 1947, India strode to freedom amidst ecstatic shouting of "Jai Hind" (roughly, Long Live India), when Nehru delivered a memorable and moving speech on India's "tryst with destiny." Independence of India - Data 1995. Courtesy Library of Congress.

More Resources on India :. INDIA Facts of India Indian Flag National Bravery Awards for Indian Children Indian National Anthem Vande Mataram National Flag of India National Emblem of India National Animal of India National Bird of India National Tree of India National Flower of India National Fruit of India Taj Mahal india map Festivals of India Indian monuments Political parties in India Education in India History of India Travel to India Climate of India india geography Indo gangetic plain himalayas Indian Coasts and Borders Indian offshore islands Rivers in India climate india Earthquakes in india Demography of India Indian fashion Indian Society indian fashion designers india population Life expectancy India india health care health care in India Indian economy India pakistan war Transport in India Mobile phone manufacturers outsourcing sms to India Indian Armed Forces India government

Indian Freedom fighters History of India Harappa Indian Kingdoms Mauryan Empire Deccan and South Indian Kingdoms Gupta Empire Southern dynasties in India Comming of Islam Mughal era Maratha rulers Sikhism British invasion in India British empire in India British Raj India independence movement Congress party Mahatma Gandhi Independence of India National Integration of India Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi i ndia religion Vedas Karma Jainism Buddhism in India Hindu God Vishnu Shiva Hindu Goddesses Hindu Ceremonies Life cycle rituals Temples in India Pilgrimages in India

Amazing Facts Outdoor games Tongue twisters Baby Poems India Flag Festivals of India Indian monuments Schools of India Indian national anthem Baby Name Indian History of India Indian Baby Names Indian fashion Indian Vegetarian recipes Nursery Rhymes Baby Sleep Baby Shower indian recipes newborn clothing babysitting business Music download home remedies Pregnancy Parental control, magazine, articles, advice Short Stories

PARENTING MAGAZINE - HOME