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Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is one of the best constitutions of the countries of the world. India attained freedom on 15th August 1947. The Constitution of the Republic came into effect on 26th January 1950. It was framed after a careful study of a number of constitutions and efforts were made to retain what is the best in them in view of the requirement of our country. It was framed by "The Constituent Assembly". Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the chairman of the Assembly and among its members were the most prominent personalities of those days. The draft of the constitution was prepared by the draft committee, which had 8 members, under the chairmanship of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.

It was initially summoned on December 9, 1946. A draft of the Constitution was published in February 1948. The Constitution was finally adopted for 26 November 1949. It came into effect on 26th January 1950.

The Indian Constitution closely follows the British Parliamentary model, but differs from it in one important respect that is, the Constitution of India is supreme, not the Parliament. So the Indian courts are vested with the authority to adjudicate on the constitutionality of any law passed by the Indian Parliament.

The Constitution of India guarantees equal rights to all Indian citizens, and prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, caste, and religion; it also allows universal franchise, thereby making the Indian electorate the largest in the world.
The Constitution Of Parliament:

There shall be a Parliament for The Union which shall consist of the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States and the House of the People
The Council of States:

(1)The Council of States shall consist of:-
(a) twelve members to be nominated by the President in accordance with the provisions of clause (3); and (b) not more than two hundred and thirty-eight representatives of the States (and of The Union territories)

(2) The allocation of seats in the Council of States to be filled by representatives of the States [and of The Union territories] shall be in accordance with the provisions in that behalf contained in the Fourth Schedule.

(3) The members to be nominated by the President under sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as the following, namely: Literature, science, art and social service.

(4)The representatives of each State in the Council of States shall be elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

(5) The representatives of the [Union territories] in the Council of States shall be chosen in such manner as Parliament may by law prescribe

The House of People:

(1)Subject to the provisions of article 331 the House of the People shall consist of:-

(a) not more than [five hundred and thirty members] chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the States, and

(b) not more than [twenty members] to represent The Union territories, chosen in such manner as Parliament may by law provide.

(2) For the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (1),

(a) there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in the House of the People in such manner that the ratio between that number and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States; and

(b) each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it is, so far as practicable, the same throughout the State:

[Provided that the provisions of sub-clause (a) of this clause shall not be applicable for the purpose of allotment of seats in the House of the People to any State so long as the population of that State does not exceed six millions.]

(3) In this article, the expression "population" means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:

[Provided that the reference in this clause to the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2000 have been published, be construed as a reference to the 1971 census.]  

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